The essays collected in this volume are the proceedings of an international conference held in Vienna (Austria) in September 2022 on the "parting of the ways" between Jews and Christians. They demonstrate that the beginnings of what we today call "Christianity" were fully embedded in early Judaism in the first century CE. The 18 chapters of this collection span from considerations about early Jewish identity/identities (Tiwald/Öhler, Grohmann, Magness) to Pauline theology (Tiwald, Ehrensperger, Eschner), the Sayings Source (Heil), the Gospels of Matthew (Konradt), Johannine and Biblical theology (Schreiber, Scherer, Förster), the Didache (Doering) to Ignatius of Antioch (Foster, Öhler), Origen (Siquans), and the Rabbis (Stemberger). The volume ends with systematic-theological considerations on the "parting of the ways" and perspectives of Jewish-Christian dialogue (Tück, Danz).